NATURAL DISASTERS

 The Earth is in a constant state of change. At any given time one or more of these changes shows up on the Earth's surface. What we witness as a result are what we call natural phenomena and sometimes, when their effect is very great, they can become natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, floods, avalanches. 

Earthquakes

You probably know about the earthquake that occurred in the northern areas of Pakistan in 2005. It was so massive that complete villages were destroyed. The towns of Balakot and Bagh were virtually wiped out. Have you ever wondered what causes earthquakes?
    
The Earth's crust is made up of huge plates which are floating on the semi-solid interior of the Earth. Although we do not see or feel it, these plates are very slowly moving in different directions. Sometimes they rub against each other, either sideways or up and down. 
When this happens, the surface of the Earth shakes. This causes earthquakes. Some of these are not strong enough to be felt on the Earth's surface, but others cause great damage.
If you experience a strong earthquake, you should look for shelter under a table, a desk, or anything strong that will protect you from falling objects. When the quake stops, move outside away from any buildings or vehicles that could topple onto you. 



Cyclones

Cyclones are huge storms, characterized by revolving winds. They bring about huge tidal waves, sometimes twenty metres high. Cyclones develop over warm seas near the Equator. When the sea is heated by the Sun, the air above it also warms up and rises. As it rises, it becomes loaded with moisture which cools and condenses into massive thunder clouds. It is from these that a tropical storm can develop in the form of a cyclone. 
Often the meteorological department warns about an approaching cyclone. If there is a warning, people living by the coast can go to safe high ground. When a cyclone strikes, you should disconnect all electric appliances and turn off the gas. Stay in the strongest part of the building. Keep an emergency kit ready which should include such items as a portable radio with batteries, a torch, tinned food with a tin opener, and drinking water. If the building starts to collapse, protect yourself with blankets or a mattress under a strong table or bench. Listen to the radio for instructions and wait for official clearance before you go outside.


Floods

Flooding occurs when the rate of rainfall exceeds the rate of absorption of water into the ground. When there is more water in a river than it can hold, it breaks it's banks and flows over the adjoining areas. In heavy flooding, whole village may come under water. People should be aware of the weather conditions that could lead to flooding. In the event of a flood warning, you should shut off the utilities such as electricity and gas and check the drainage system of your house. Park vehicles on higher ground and move a supply of food and water to upstairs rooms in your house if possible. 


 

Avalanches

An avalanche is the sliding of massive slabs of snow down mountain slopes. These cause the biggest danger to life and property in the mountainous regions. One should always watch the weather forecast and avoid going to areas where avalanche activity is expected. In the event of an avalanche, the rescue services should be contacted immediately because they are trained for the job. 



Landslides


Sometimes in the mountainous areas, rocks, earth, or rubble abruptly roll down steep slopes, blocking roads and damaging houses. This is called a landslide. It may occur dur to natural causes like an earthquake, land erosion or heavy rainfall, or human causes like blasting and vibrations from machinery. As with an avalanche, in the event of a landslide rescue services should be called in immediately. 



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